The Nature Of The Iceman - 1296 Words

Scientific investigation has been a powerful tool in discovering the truth about the Iceman, especially with the advancements of technology, which have proved to be significant in developing our understanding of theories, both old and new, and allowing a reinterpretation of different aspects of the Otzi’s life. In particular, the extensive studies that have been conducted on the Iceman’s health have considerably shed light on the state of his well-being. This has led to the discussion of the nature of the Iceman’s occupation, which is an aspect that has been driven by the research conducted on his lifestyle. The mystery surrounding Otzi’s death has been explored, transforming theories over time, allowing us an insight on his demise. As society has been renovated by the improvements of technology, the tools used through scientific investigations applied to Otzi have provided more accuracy, allowing us to uncover the truths about the ins and outs of his hea lth, lifestyle and death. The use of scientific research has assisted in discovering more about the various aspects of the Iceman’s lifestyle. The Iceman’s origins have been traced back to the Neolithic Age, and based on the analysis of the isotopic composition of his tooth enamel and bones; they have provided an insight on where he lived. It has been established that when humans consume food, there are variants of the same chemical element (isotopes) absorbed in the body, which are then stored there. Different isotopicShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery Of Human History1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof the most important and historically significant archaeological discoveries of human history, and because of his very well-preserved body and belongings he has significantly contributed to the knowledge of the lifestyle of Neolithic humans. The Iceman constitutes the first prehistoric human ever found with his everyday clothing and equipment, and presumably going about his normal business; other similarly intact bodies from prehistory have been either carefully buried or sacrificed. He brings usRead MoreThe War Of The United States1616 Words   |  7 PagesOperation Iceman Every year, one million immigrants settle in the United States hoping for a new beginning, new opportunities, and a new life; however, they are welcomed by animosity, injustice, and discrimination. Even the president of the United States finds these immigrants to be troublesome despite their dedication to work hard to sustain themselves in their new home. Race related crimes continue to increase and the government is clearly making efforts to prevent more immigrants from seekingRead MoreEssay about Xmen Movie1220 Words   |  5 PagesKitty Pryde’s phase and Iceman’s flower were well done special effect wise. The general acrobatics and fighting that went on were well choreographed. Many of the maneuvers were a little super-human, however, that is to be expected because of the nature of the film. There was a small amount of special effects used here as well and those effects were used well. The matching of actors to the various roles met with varying degrees of success. Professor X was very well cast. The physical resemblanceRead More Significance of Fog in Long Days Journey into Night Eugene by ONeill1728 Words   |  7 Pageshow close he feels to his solitude. â€Å"As if I was a ghost belonging to the fog, and the fog was the ghost of the sea. It felt to damned peaceful to be nothing more than the ghost within the ghost †(O’Neill 796). Edmund experiences this oneness with nature. He is mentally in a state of fogginess and only sometimes has moments of clarity. Edmund’s sense of self is lost. So much energy in invested in this morbid and depressing web of denial and addiction that he loses a part of his soul forever. The fogRead MoreComic Books And Television Gave Birth To A Fascination950 Words   |  4 Pagesheal the sick, give sight to the blind, and even save lives. Therefore, Jesus is a modern-day superhero. First, Jesus possess power over nature, similar to Aquaman, Iceman, and Wolverine, but on a much grander scale. Superheroes often possess power over one elemental force (such as the ocean, ice, or physical regeneration), but Jesus is sovereign over all nature. Moses believed God spoke all things into existence from nothing (Gen. 1:1-2). Therefore, God is not bound by the time-space continuum andRead MoreThe Better Angles Of Our Nature : How Violence Has Changed Society1562 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity, Steven Pinker, is one of the many voices in the debate, in fact can be considered the prime innovator, that believes that human beings are living in one of the most peaceful eras to ever exist. In Pinker’s book, titled The Better Angles of Our Nature: How Violence Has Declined he defends and goes into several facets of the process of pacification, which he believes took place in the world making it less violent over a long period of time. He begins his novel by telling gru esome details of humans’Read MoreThe Themes Of Alcoholism By Benjamin ONeill1810 Words   |  8 PagesO’Neill suggests that Josie’s prayer is able to grant Jim salvation. By Josie’s forgiving nature, she bestows his lost soul redemption. The play concludes with Josie’s disappointment from an unsuccessful relationship, Jim’s despair from his decaying life, but also the desire to obtain tranquility from forgiveness to quell his inner turmoil. Similar to O’Neill’s lifestyle, the occupants of Hope’s bar in The Iceman Cometh are all alcoholics stuck in place; they continuously put of their life and let theirRead MoreBog Bodies Are Crucial to Our Understanding of the Past616 Words   |  2 Pagestraditions of ancient civilisations. The equipment and tools found with the bodies are just as important as the actual bodies. Evidence such as weaponry allows professionals to see the technological and violent aspect of past civilisation. Otzi the iceman was found with many weapons, like a bow and arrow, and a copper axe. These tools gave historians an awareness of the evolution of technology in ancient times. The copper in the axe that Otzi owned showed that the people of Otzi’s era were able toRead MoreAfrocentrism Versus Eurocentrism Essay examples4480 Words   |  18 Pagesfunctions as a means for survival. Africans also saw nature as something that should be held in high regards and respected at all times. They believed that there was a oneness between humans and nature due to their studies on plant, animal, and human life. Africans through their research and daily lives saw how nature and humans could work together in order for them to live side by side in harmony, and benefit each other. Africans also us ed nature as a means of spirituality and developed differentRead MoreRichard Kuklinski Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of killing people, to practice and perfect murder. Richard made the West Side of Manhattan a kind of lab for murder, a school, he says. (â€Å"Richard Kuklinski†). Kuklinski now just liked the challenge of the hunt; the killing was just second nature. He didn’t feel any emotions towards his victims or the killing itself; to him it was just his job. It was the planning, stalking, and doing it all successfully that excited him. The greater the odds against him, the more he got out of it. Richard

My Experience At The University Of Akron - 932 Words

The University of Akron provides all what the students expect when they attend college with great services. Such as, the Roo shuttle, an active student union, big rec center, security, and the close by dorms. That is mainly what students’ need. When I finished high school; I didn’t expect that I would be studying in such a big, crowded, and strong university such as the UA. The only thing I wanted when attending the university is to live close by the campus. Because, I didn’t want to spend everyday riding buses and waiting buses that would make me get bored from school so fast. After I got accepted at the UA, I started to look for apartments near campus. I got happy when I saw that there are dorms near campus. After that, I leased and apartment before I got to Akron. When I arrived to Akron, I singed the lease and took my keys to see my new apartment. I was so pleased to lived in a place that is near to my school. In my opinion, I think that the Roo shuttle is gr eat benefit for students, because it helps the students to go to campus in a short time instead of using their cars. By that the downtown will be less traffic. There are good things about the roo shuttle and some are bad. The Roo shuttle makes transportation easier around campus. It takes only 6 minutes for me to get to the student union everyday. When I have a meeting on campus, I have the less chance to be late at my appointment compared to my friends who are living outside Akron. They have to get beforeShow MoreRelatedLife After High School Is Full Of Uncertainty1320 Words   |  6 Pageswhich track program suites me best. There are a lot of different factors to consider, and after looking into many schools, I have my choices narrowed down to the Ohio State University or the University of Akron. If I had to make my decision right now, with all the information I have about the University of Akron and the Ohio State University, I would have to go with Akron. When considering colleges, the cost of tuition tends to be the elephant in the room. It’s no secret that a higher education comesRead MoreI Am My College Journey931 Words   |  4 PagesAs I began my college journey on August 21st this year, I was extremely nervous. I had so many unanswered questions that ran through my mind. How would it feel to be away from my family? This was the first time I would ever experience such a thing. What kind of people was I going to meet? How would my classes be? My list was unending and I wasn’t quite sure what to expect. I soon found answers to all of the question that had been racing through the mind. Being away from my family? Well that wasRead MoreMy Career As A Registered Nurse878 Words   |  4 Pages My short-term goals include passing my state boards upon graduation and then finding a fulfilling job as a Registered Nurse (RN) at a major local hospital. Currently, I work at Summa Akron City Hospital and it would be seamless for me if I could obtain a job there as a nurse in one of their intensive care units. After a few years of practice, I plan to get my certification in Critical Care Nursing. Beyond that, my long-term goals for the future are to attend graduate school at University of AkronRead MoreDr. Stevin Gehrkes Lab1073 Words   |  5 PagesUpon arriving as a student at the University of Kansas, I immediately took an interest in numerous extracurricular activities and organizations. I have established myself as a leader in multiple organizations, including my role as vice president in the Biomedical Engineering Society at KU. These organizations have provided fantastic experiences, but I found myself needing more. I found enjoyment and success in my classes, but I was eager to apply my knowledge. I sought out positions in various researchRead MoreThe Department of Psychology at State University1668 Words   |  7 Pages The psychology department of State University is considered an academic discourse community. They have a stated purpose, requirements for membership, and exercise intercommunication techniques. Furthermore, they have shared common knowledge that they use to advance their discipline and attract new members. Eleanor Kutz, a leading expert in the field of language and literacy, argues that academic discourse communities differ from informal ones in the critical area of assumed shared knowledge. Read MoreThe Importance of Preventative Medicine1308 Words   |  6 Pagesrather unique cultural and ethnic background that has dramatically shaped an d influenced the values of my life. My father was one of the few town physicians and owned a small clinic; he helped those who were in need of medical care without requiring much compensation. Growing up with my father taught me the impact of medicine on human life and its life-saving aspect. There were many lessons that my father taught, and still teaches, me about health care and medicine. Many of the problems his patientsRead MoreSocial Psychology, By Philip Zimbardo1143 Words   |  5 Pageswith he had a son called Adam Zimbardo. According to an interview done by the University of California, he mentioned that â€Å"The South Bronx provided my first informal education in psychology. I knew that school was my ticket out of the ghetto.† He decided to do his undergrad on Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology at Brooklyn College in the year of 1954. 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Access to Medicines in Developing Countries free essay sample

One of the appalling statistics that came out of a survey in 2000 was the percentage of the HIV/AIDS infections in Africa. It was reported that nearly 80% of the total number of affected people was from this continent. Now if this report sounds dreadful, one might get a bigger shock by looking at the picture of modern healthcare methodologies in Africa. Despite being a developing nation, Africa gets scarcely one percent of modern drugs. The value of all medical drugs transported to Africa amounts to the expenses spent on advertising by the leading pharmaceutical companies in the United States of America. Under the light of this reality, this paper is going to discuss the genuine scenario in developing countries that don’t have an affordable access to life-saving medicines. It might be noted that access to medicines is a fundamental human right, and there is a yawning gap between crisis and cure in a capitalistic social setup. Due to increased political pressure, many drug manufacturing companies have been forced to review their business strategies and produce medicines that are relatively less expensive. Moreover, it is also mandatory to formulate a well-organized delivery system that would ensure a proper and timely delivery of the medicinal goods to Africa and other Third World countries. Modern healthcare remedies are needed to be deployed in order to combat the menace of HIV and other diseases in the underprivileged tropics. (â€Å"Access to Medicine in Developing Countries†, 2000) Access to medicine in developing countries has always been a matter of great disputation, mainly because of the convoluted interaction between macroeconomic development, patterns of diseases and healthcare requirements and provisions. It has been an inescapable paradox for many countries where the national economic status can only be attained by improved health status. Hence, lack of supply of life-saving drugs hinders the scope and opportunity of national healthcare. (â€Å"Improving Access to Medicines in Developing Countries†, 2005) The impoverished countries find it a mammoth task to meet both ends successfully. It has been proposed that only a large scale international funding can inject some fruitful results in the context of healthcare and economic boost. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are working together to provide the best possible framework for improved health status as well as the macroeconomic development of developing nations. WTO is primarily concerned with the organized growth of a capitalist, free market global economy. On the other hand, WHO is focused on improving health conditions by providing healthcare models that can be applied to both developed as well as developing nations. Institutional and public sector frameworks play a crucial role in realizing the objectives of WHO to the best possible extent. The newly incepted Global Health Fund is working relentlessly to provide remedies for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) are held, in some cases, as obstacles for access to essential medicines in developing countries. Ever since WTO finalized the TRIPS agreement in April 1994, this issue has been a matter of great debate. The main problems in accessing medicines, as viewed by experts, are the increasing expenses, which can shoot up to 66% of total expenditure in developing nations. Today’s scenario as far as having access to essential medicines is concerned is an alarming one, with more than one-third of the world’s population are deprived of indispensable drugs. According to the WHO, developing countries, especially those in Asia and Africa, must be provided with an all-encompassing solution in terms of health priority problems, and they must be able to gain access to life-saving medicines at an affordable deal. To make matters worse, the poorer section of societies in developing countries find themselves all at sea due to their inability to physically access life-saving drugs. So both availability and affordability are the key areas of concern. Now under these circumstances, the introduction of strong and worldwide product patents for drugs, as implemented through the TRIPS agreement, may cause drastic increase in prices for essential medicines. The ‘legal monopoly’ that comes with such rigid patent system prevents anybody from producing, selling or distributing medicines in an unauthorized manner. Even if there is no patent laws, access to medicines is going to be a problem for the developing countries, due to adequate purchasing capabilities and required infrastructure. Majority of the medicines for HIV/AIDS are still under ‘live’ patent coverage. It doesn’t make for affordable access to such medicines either. And since more than 95% of HIV/AIDS affected people are from developing countries, and 50% of them belong to the productive age group of below 25 years, serious socio-economic consequences are perceived with very little signs of relief. Before TRIPS were put to effect, most developing countries and some developed countries did not impose patent laws on medicines even if they were manufactured with innovative technological aids. But today, most of these nations being WTO members have to enforce the patent laws laid down by TRIPS. This has led to hike in prices of patented medicines. It is worth noticing that even under the TRIPS guidelines, patents are to be given only on applications received from 1995 onwards for new therapeutic inventions. So any medicine manufactured before 1995 should not be unaffordable for the developing nations. Manufacturers of the newer and more innovative pharmaceutical products file for patents only in countries where business of piracy runs rampant. Parallel import of drugs is another important issue that came into consideration after the TRIPS agreement. The Intellectual Property Rights owners of specific brands of medicines face problems when goods, legally distributed in the market of one country, are imported to another without the necessary legal authorization. Now, as long as there is no discrepancy in Intellectual Property Rights in two different countries, article 6 of TRIPS defends parallel import. But considering the economic side of such imports, it might be noted that price of the same medicine in one country may rise or fall to a great extent in another. So developing countries, without violating the Intellectual Property Rights protection, may find a way out to access essential but expensive drugs from its neighboring countries. (Watal, J. 2000) In addition to what is discussed above, one must bear in mind the supply side process concerning manufacture and distribution of medicines. The specific issue related to accessibility to medicines is directly linked with the development and implementation of more efficient and cost-effective measures in manufacturing and distributing drugs. A number of speculative theories and ideologies have been put forward to address the issue of maximizing the available resources to achieve a standardized health status around the globe. However, the aim of this paper is not to get into a particular ideological standpoint, or to promote distinct solutions, but to gain a deeper insight into the real constraints of manufacturing and distributive activities. One has to take into account the diverse theoretical concepts, the macroeconomic environment of international economics and technological nuances of the pharmaceutical sectors. Once we identify the constraints, it will be easier to suggest feasible solutions in terms of easy and regular access to medicines for the developing countries. The policies adopted by pharmaceutical companies are worth taking a look at.

Employee Wages in Communication-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Employee Wages in Communication Media. Answer: Field of research: The Human resource has recently been the key target of most management companies. Various forms of communication in human resource department are necessary for significant determination of workplace structure including the amount of wages of the employees. For sustaining employee satisfaction, motivation and morale, association between employee base and income of employees play a crucial role in communication field. When there is no association between employee income and workforce of employees in terms of job field, the organization might observe a decline in productivity and performance as employees could realize themselves as undervalued, under-waged and unappreciated. The topic focuses on major workforce executed by employees, distribution of income level of Berkeley Company and accounting of personnel program. The accounting of employee wages takes into account of work status, relocation and supervisory relationship. Secondary data: Publicly available survey data on employee satisfaction could be found in https://hr.berkeley.edu/node/5305 Research Question: The study tries to examine the association between human resources of the employees and their wage amount in Berkeley. Variables: 1. Job family of the job field (example- Broadcast communication, Digital communication, General communication, Media communication, Publication and Production) Job grade of the employees Minimum, Mid and Maximum amount of salary of the employees Search terms: employee performance, job field, job family, job performance, job grade, amount of monthly income. Merged articles and reference list: Many Studies show a positive relationship exists between employee income and human resource management in terms of job grade (Galinsky, E. and Stein, P.J., 1990). Some study indicated that pay equity and product quality has insignificant association (Cowherd, D.M. and Levine, D.I., 1992). The positive correlation between industrial grade and employee income explains positive wage model in Berkeley industry. References Cowherd, D. M., Levine, D. I. (1992). Product quality and pay equity between lower-level employees and top management: An investigation of distributive justice theory.Administrative Science Quarterly, 302-320. Galinsky, E., Stein, P. J. (1990). The impact of human resource policies on employees: Balancing work/family life.Journal of Family Issues,11(4), 368-383. Hussin, A. (2011).The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance among employee engagement: An explorative study.Issues in Business Management and Economics,4(1), 1-8. Shmailan, A. S. B. (2016). The relationship between job satisfaction, job performance and employees in tradewinds group of companies(Doctoral dissertation, Open University Malaysia).

Brahms Clarinet Sonatas and Clarinet Quintet

Introduction Music is important in human life. Those who believe that music should be developed are right, still classical music will always remain the basic for all music trends. Listening to Bach, Mozart, and other famous contributors into the classical music, it becomes obvious that music is a miracle. Johannes Brahms is a prominent musician of his time. Additionally, his pieces of music are still remembered and many people love his performances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brahms: Clarinet Sonatas and Clarinet Quintet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each piece of music has its own background, personal history and peculiarities connected with its composition. It is obvious that the time of music composition and the peculiarities of the personal condition impact the music outcome. The main purpose of this article is to dwell upon two pieces of music created by Johannes Brahms, Clarinet Quintet and Clarinet Sonata. We are going to consider the background for music creation including the historic period of time and personal life of the composer and discussing the peculiarities of music performance. Historical Background for Music Creation To begin with, it should be mentioned that listening to Clarinet Quintet in B minor, Op. 115 by Brahms one may easily create the parallels with Mozart’s clarinet quintet. These parallel points should be considered for better understanding of the historical background of music creation. Two compositions express melancholy, they both integrate clarinets by means of string texture, they both use clarinet as a solo instrument that was not really spread in that time. Therefore, it may be concluded that Mozart influenced the development of Brahms’ music and vision of this music. The tendency of the whole time period was regulated by Mozart’s vision of the music and his performances. Still, much attention should be paid to the epoch and personality of Johannes Brahms as even though music tendencies play much in composer’s development, vision of the music is really important. Much attention is paid to clarinet during the early 19th century. Colin James Lawson characterizes the time period as follows, â€Å"an age devoted to virtuosity the clarinet achieved a natural pre-eminence among wind instruments, whilst at the same time lending an important tone-color to the Romantic orchestra palette† (3).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Clarinets were used for solo and for quintets which may be considered as the time period tendency, but solo compositions were more appropriate during the second period of the 19th century. The main reasons of shift from quintets to solo compositions may be divided into political and social. From the political side, â€Å"many of the small courts were beginning absorbed into larger duchies or kingdoms, with a consequent loss in the number of the orchestras available† (Lawson 7) and from the social side, â€Å"the clarinet was becoming more accessible to a wider cross-section of general population, more an instrument of a drawing room or a small concert hall† (Lawson 7). Thus, having considered the historical situation in the society when Clarinet Quintet in B Minor, Op. 115 and Clarinet Sonata No. 1 and No. 2, Op. 120 were composed, the discussion of each of them should be completed for better vision of all of the peculiarities and specifics of sound. Clarinet Quintet in B Minor, Op. 115 Clarinet Quintet in B Minor, Op. 115 was composed by Johannes Brahms in 189 and this piece of music may be considered as the greatest achievement in chamber music. It worse mentioning that only few compositions were created in this manner by the time when Brahms created his quintet. Hoverer, Mozart’s piece of music had already been composed and it ma y be concluded that Brahms based his clarinet quintet on Mozart’s one. Richard Mà ¼hlfeld also influenced Brahms vision of the clarinet music. As the music he has composed encouraged Brahms for completing his already started piece (37). Dwelling upon this piece of music in detail, it should be mentioned that Clarinet Quintet in B Minor, Op. 115 consists of four movements, Allegro, Adagio, Andantino, and Con moto. The first movement begins with the strings and clarinet appears only in the middle of the piece of music. The melancholic mood supports while the whole composition. The second movement begins with the relaxing melody of clarinet and then shifts to the gloomy atmosphere. The clarinet sound introduces technical runs by means of playing from all ranges. The third movement is the shortest and is played like the first one (in the same mood). To the point, this piece is played similarly as the first one with the only difference that it is performed in a 2/4 meter. The fin al forth movement is the most impressive due to high number of variations. It does not look like any particular piece if compared to the previous movements. The final notes are described as a loud chord which fades away unexpectedly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brahms: Clarinet Sonatas and Clarinet Quintet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Clarinet Sonata No. 1 and No. 2, Op. 120 Johannes Brahms dedicated his Clarinet Sonata No. 1 and No. 2, Op. 120 to Richard Mà ¼hlfeld, a person who impacted Brahms’ compositions greatly. The history of this composition is really interesting. Brahms promised to retire from composing in 1891. But, he could not keep this promise as his friendship with Richard Mà ¼hlfeld impacted him greatly. Frà ¤ulein Klarinette was one of the greatest impacts which encouraged Brahms for composing his Clarinet Sonata No. 1 and No. 2 (). The Clarinet Sonata No. 1 consists of the foll owing movements, Allegro appassionato, Andante un poco Adagio, Allegretto grazioso, and Vivace. Clarinet Sonata No. 2 consists of the following movements, Allegro amabile, Allegro appassionato-Sostenuto-Tempo I, and Andante con moto – allegro. The piece of music is played with tragic melancholy, the old bachelor music may be heard. The sounds of waltz in this piece are explained by the genre popularity during the time when the music was composed and these notes may be easily heard in Brahms’s sonata. The meter of the composition changes from part to part, from movement to movement (2/4 and 3/4 meter. Generally, the composer uses moderate tempo. People consider some of the parts of the piece of music performed as intermezzos, but I can see only lightness (even gracefulness). Conclusion Therefore, it may be concluded that e pieces of music created by Johannes Brahms was composed after a small period in his work, after he promised to retire. However, the desire to create music was much greater. Johannes Brahms composed his clarinet pieces of music according to the tendencies which were in the society. Having created a clarinet quintet, he shifted to sonatas which were more appropriate in the later period of time. Two people impacted Johannes Brahms, Mozart and Mà ¼hlfeld and both these people may be seen as the contributors to the compositions completed by Brahms. Each of the pieces of music is unique and each of them is a great contribution to the world of music both during the period of time when they were composed and now. Works Cited Lawson, Colin James. Brahms, clarinet quintet. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Print. McClelland, Ryan C. Brahms and the scherzo: studies in musical narrative. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Brahms: Clarinet Sonatas and Clarinet Quintet was written and submitted by user PuppetMaster to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dachauâ€The First Nazi Concentration Camp

Dachau- The First Nazi Concentration Camp Auschwitz might be the most famous camp in the Nazi system of terror, but it was not the first. The first concentration camp was Dachau, established on March 20, 1933, in the southern German town of the same name (10 miles northwest of Munich.) Although Dachau was initially established to hold political prisoners of the Third Reich, only a minority of whom were Jews, Dachau soon grew to hold a large and diverse population of people targeted by the Nazis. Under the oversight of Nazi Theodor Eicke, Dachau became a model concentration camp, a place where SS guards and other camp officials went to train. Building the Camp The first buildings in the Dachau concentration camp complex consisted of the remnants of an old World War I munitions factory that was in the northeastern portion of the town. These buildings, with a capacity of about 5,000 prisoners, served as the main camp structures until 1937, when prisoners were forced to expand the camp and demolish the original buildings. The â€Å"new† camp, completed in mid-1938, was composed of 32 barracks and was designed to hold 6,000 prisoners. The camp population, however, was usually grossly over that number. Electrified fences were installed and seven watchtowers were placed around the camp. At the entrance of Dachau was placed a gate topped with the infamous phrase, Arbeit Macht Frei (Work Sets You Free.†) Since this was a concentration camp and not a death camp, there were no gas chambers installed at Dachau until 1942, when one was built but not used. First Prisoners The first prisoners arrived in Dachau on March 22, 1933, two days after the acting Munich Chief of Police and Reichsfà ¼hrer SS Heinrich Himmler announced the camp’s creation. Many of the initial prisoners were Social Democrats and German Communists, the latter group having been blamed for the February 27 fire at the German parliament building, the Reichstag. In many instances, their imprisonment was a result of the emergency decree that Adolf Hitler proposed and President Paul Von Hindenberg approved on February 28, 1933. The Decree for the Protection of the People and the State (commonly called the Reichstag Fire Decree) suspended the civil rights of German civilians and prohibited the press from publishing anti-government materials. Violators of the Reichstag Fire Decree were frequently imprisoned in Dachau in the months and years after it was put into effect. By the end of the first year, there had been 4,800 registered prisoners in Dachau. In addition to the Social Democrats and Communists, the camp also held trade unionists and others who had objected to the Nazis rise to power. Although long-term imprisonment and resulting death were common, many of the early prisoners (prior to 1938) were released after serving their sentences and were declared rehabilitated. Camp Leadership The first commandant of Dachau was SS official Hilmar Wckerle. He was replaced in June 1933 after being charged with murder in the death of a prisoner. Although Wckerle’s eventual conviction was overturned by Hitler, who declared concentration camps out of the realm of the law, Himmler wanted to bring in new leadership for the camp. Dachau’s second commandant, Theodor Eicke, was quick to establish a set of regulations for daily operations in Dachau that would soon become the model for other concentration camps. Prisoners in the camp were held to a daily routine and any perceived deviation resulted in harsh beatings and sometimes death. Discussion of political views was strictly prohibited and violation of this policy resulted in execution. Those who attempted to escape were put to death as well. Eicke’s work in creating these regulations, as well as his influence on the physical structure of the camp, led to a promotion in 1934 to SS-Gruppenfà ¼hrer and Chief Inspector of the Concentration Camp System. He would go on to oversee the development of the vast concentration camp system in Germany and modeled other camps on his work at Dachau. Eicke was replaced as commandant by Alexander Reiner. Command of Dachau changed hands nine more times before the camp was liberated. Training SS Guards As Eicke established and implemented a thorough system of regulations to run Dachau, Nazi superiors began to label Dachau as the â€Å"model concentration camp.† Officials soon sent SS men to train under Eicke. A variety of SS officers trained with Eicke, most notably the future commandant of the Auschwitz camp system, Rudolf Hà ¶ss. Dachau also served as a training ground for other camp staff. Night of the Long Knives On June 30, 1934, Hitler decided it was time to rid the Nazi Party of those who were threatening his rise to power. In an event that became known as the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler used the growing SS to take out key members of the SA (known as the â€Å"Storm Troopers†) and others he viewed as being problematic to his growing influence. Several hundred men were imprisoned or killed, with the latter being the more common fate. With the SA officially eliminated as a threat, the SS began to grow exponentially. Eicke benefited greatly from this, as the SS was now officially in charge of the entire concentration camp system. Nuremberg Race Laws In September 1935, the Nuremberg Race Laws were approved by officials at the annual Nazi Party Rally. As a result, a slight increase in the number of Jewish prisoners at Dachau occurred when â€Å"offenders† were sentenced to internment in concentration camps for violating these laws. Over time, the Nuremberg Race Laws were also applied to Roma Sinti (gypsy groups) and led to their internment in concentration camps, including Dachau. Kristallnacht During the night of November 9-10, 1938, the Nazis sanctioned an organized pogrom against the Jewish populations in Germany and annexed Austria. Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were vandalized and burned. Over 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and approximately 10,000 of those men were then interned in Dachau. This event, called Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), marked the turning point of increased Jewish incarceration in Dachau. Forced Labor In the early years of Dachau, most of the prisoners were forced to perform labor related to the expansion of the camp and the surrounding area. Small industrial tasks were also assigned to make products used in the region. But after World War II broke out, much of the labor effort was transitioned to create products to further the German war effort. By mid-1944, sub-camps began to spring up around Dachau in order to increase war production. In total, over 30 sub-camps, which worked more than 30,000 prisoners, were created as satellites of the Dachau main camp. Medical Experiments Throughout the Holocaust, several concentration and death camps performed forced medical experiments on their prisoners. Dachau was no exception. The medical experiments conducted at Dachau were ostensibly aimed at improving military survival rates and bettering medical technology for German civilians. These experiments were usually exceptionally painful and unneeded. For example, Nazi Dr. Sigmund Rascher subjected some prisoners to high altitude experiments using pressure chambers, while he forced others to undergo freezing experiments so that their reactions to hypothermia could be observed.  Still, other prisoners were forced to drink saltwater to determine its drinkability. Many of these prisoners died from the experiments. Nazi Dr. Claus Schilling hoped to create a vaccine for malaria and injected over a thousand prisoners with the disease. Other prisoners at Dachau were experimented on with tuberculosis. Death Marches and Liberation Dachau remained in operation for 12 years- nearly the entire length of the Third Reich. In addition to its early prisoners, the camp expanded to hold Jews, Roma and Sinti, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and prisoners of war (including several Americans.) Three days prior to liberation, 7,000 prisoners, mostly Jews, were forced to leave Dachau on a forced death march that resulted in the death of many of the prisoners. On April 29, 1945, Dachau was liberated by the United States 7th Army Infantry Unit. At the time of liberation, there were approximately 27,400 prisoners who remained alive in the main camp. In total, over 188,000 prisoners had passed through Dachau and its sub-camps. An estimated 50,000 of those prisoners died while imprisoned in Dachau.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The recruitment process starts with the submission of resume regardless of the fact that the recruitment has started with walk in, employee referrals, advertising or others (Griffin & Moorhead, pp. 14-19, 2009). Shortlisted candidates get a chance to fill the application form, which then leads to a formal interview. Short listed applicants are called for a couple of more interviews (Fisher, Schoenfeldt & Shaw, pp. 301-305, 2005). The last interview, which is a group interview, then leads them to a management assessment centre. This is the point where the person has almost met all the requirements for passing the recruitment process. However, in order for finding out the right match in terms of job for the applicant, the individual has to go appear in several tests. They are Big Five personality tests, MBTI, IQ tests and others. Important here to note is that these are the requirements for new recruits, however, in case of recruitment for executive positions or rehiring, not all steps are followed (Mathis & Jackson, pp. 48-51, 2006). The legal requirements include the fact that the person should have a criminal history, must have the passport or identification of home country, work permit, proof of address, proof of date of birth, proof of educational achievement and certificates and others (Robbins & Judge, pp. 291-295, 2010). Programme for Training and Development Recruitment of the best available talent is never the guarantee of success. It was not only important to tell the employees what to do but at the same time, it is equally important to teach them how to do. Market leaders like Unilever spend more time in comparison to their competitors for training and developing their employees. Following is an example of professional training and development plan at Unilever (Fisher, Schoenfeldt & Shaw, pp. 301-305, 2005). Training and development at UniLever starts with needs assessment. Why training is important? What should be the contents of training? Who should be the target of training? What shall be the expectations in terms of benefits from the training? (Kleynhans, pp. 274-278, 2006) Questions similar to the above mentioned, remain the target of needs assessment. The second step is of instructional design where the focus remains on using the data gained in the first step and with the help of the same, complying, creating and deciding on the program content, exercises, activities, approaches and others (Cummings & Worley, pp. 68-69, 2008). Since this process requires a lot of investment in terms of time and energy, the third step is of validation where a small sample is tested. The fourth step is of the actual implementation of the program and at the fifth stage, the managers and heads of UniLever sit back to evaluate the success of the program (Bratton & Gold, pp. 510-512, 2001). Human Relations School and Motivation of Staff Experts such as ‘Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follet, Hawthorne Studies, Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGreg or’ (Hendry, pp. 84-86, 1995) and others remain as the founder of the human relations school of management. Most of these experts (Hendry, pp. 84-86, 1995) had disagreements with the ideas of Taylor and other advocates of

Islamic Politics and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Islamic Politics and Culture - Essay Example In fact Islamic dictatorship is prevailing in majority of the Arab countries. However, the recent revolutions in Libya and Egypt have forced many of the Arabs to think about a democratic political system in their country. However, the fundamentalists in those countries are against this idea. The concept of political Islam has been evolved out under the above context. According to Mohammed Ayoob, â€Å"Political Islam is a product of modernity as much as a response to it†(Rajesekhar). However, westerners are watching the dawn of Political Islam suspiciously. â€Å"In April 2014 Tony Blair urged the West to set aside its differences with Russia and China to focus on the growing threat from radical Islam† (Veerman). Westerners believe that Political Islamic movements are trying to destroy modernization and civilizations in the name of religion. This paper analyses the impact of the encounter between Western expansionism and Muslim-majority societies on the rise of politica l Islam. A crucial factor generating tensions in the West is the presence of ‘Islamism’ or ‘political Islam’, in all of its different manifestations, within Muslim communities. Islamism can be defined as "forms of political theory and practice that have as their goal the establishment of an Islamic political order in the sense of a state whose governmental principles, institutions and legal system derive directly from the shari’ah" (Veerman). The interference of religion in politics is unacceptable to westerners. They believe that religion should be separated from politics in order to create a stable and advanced society in a country. They have many examples to prove their arguments. For example, in countries such as Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia, women get less freedom and power in politics and social life. Westerners believe that the over involvement of religion in politics is the major reason behind these problems. They try to empower

Plan of Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plan of Care - Essay Example The organs include head, neck, nose, mouth, and throat. The visual assessment will encompass looking for anomalous shape, color, size, texture among other aspects. Generally, nurses utilize physical assessment expertise and skills to identify the patient’s problems and develop a basis of data and information, which are utilized for subsequent nursing processes (Cox & Turner, 2010). I will explain to the student the assessment techniques that are involved in the physical assessment including palpation, percussion and auscultation. Palpation incorporates the utilization of hands to feel the body organs in enabling the assessment of abnormal shape, size, level and location of pain. On the other hand, Percussion incorporates the generation of sound by scrapping or tapping the body part in order to determine the parameters including the organ density and size (Cox & Turner, 2010). Consequently, auscultation entails listening to sound produced by various organs like the throat and lungs. These are the assessment techniques utilized in Evelyn’s scenario: Critical observation is conducted first whereby the nurse takes appropriate time in observing the patient with all senses including eyes, nose and ears. In this process, the nurse must utilize good lightning in order to ascertain his observation on color, shape, position and symmetry. Consequently, observation for odors of skin and mouth is essential (Sawyer, 2012). In this process, deep (5-8 cm) and light (1 cm) touch by the back of the nurse’s hand (or fingers) is utilized to assess the patient’s skin temperature. Consequently, use fingers to inspect the moisture, tender areas and texture. This is an essential part of the physical assessment where by the nurse strikes the body surface to generate sound. The following sounds; resonant, dull, flat and tympanic are utilized to determine shape and size of underlining structures in the relevant body organs (Sawyer, 2012). This assessment mostly

Research On Destination Image And Perceived Expectation Tourism Essay

Research On Destination Image And Perceived Expectation Tourism Essay INTRODUCTION Back ground Tourism can be define as the activities of people traveling from their resident country to another not more than one conservative year in charge for leisure, business, knowledge and other purpose. In the early period of time when tourism was introduce, it was only the rich and few educated ones that love adventure travel to explore the other country culture as a tourist, so tourism then is not popular and can not generate much money for a country but as time go on tourism started to come into limelight to the extent that it serve as a major sector of income to some country. Tourism is growing very fast nowadays in the world to the extent that the world group it as the second largest sector of economy that generate income for country in the world. According to (WTO) world tourism organization, the sector has become a competitive sector in the world among different country of the world. Tourism business has grown to some level that some developed and developing countries like Greece depend on tourism as source of income for their country. They depend solely on it to develop the economy, create employments, and reduce poverty line of the people. All country now designs their region, cities, and state to attract tourist and tourist investor to their destination in order to compete in the tourism industries. Apart from developing the economy of a country, tourism also give room for country culture to come into limelight. Tourists being major focus in destination have impact on the destination itself and the product in that destination. The tourists presence in that destination improved the awareness of the place image. Destination image, this has to do with the tourists perceptions of products from a particular country, on their perceptions of the countrys production and marketing strengths and weaknesses.(Roth Romeo, 1992). Tourists are meant to evaluate a destination and in this process different tourist come up with different information about that destination which is very important in improving or damaging the image of a destination. Tourist are bourn to infer about a destination image and their inference about the value of a destination serve as a quality indicator, the combination of the information or judgment lead to overall evaluation of the destination satisfaction which lead to customer loyalty(Manrai, 1998,p.594). Furthermore, any tourist destination that was able to gain the loyalty of tourist, the destination will be at the advantage because the tourist will result to recommending that destination to other. Successful tourism can increase the receipt of the tourist in a destination; it can also increase income, government revenue, and employment. Attracting tourist to revisit and recommend it for others is very important in the success of a destination. (Chen and Tsai,2007). Malaysia was successful in increasing the number of tourist over the year among which is Nigeria tourist are included with the recorded number by (WTO) world tourism organization which rake Malaysia 9th position with 23 .6m among the top ten most visited country in the world. These was based on the Malaysia success in gaining the loyalty of the tourist and good destination image they have with the tourist, that is why Malaysia was able to attain this goal. Looking at the figure some years back the number is not up to this but every year the figure keep increasing, this also apply to Nigerian tourist in Malaysia, 2009 Malaysia recorded over10,000 Nigeria tourists and ever year the number keeps increasing. The research is looking at these increase in number of Nigerian tourist which is likely related to the destination image of Malaysia that has influence on perceive expectation of the Nigerian tourist, evidence from Chen Tsai, 2007.Destination image have two major influence on tourist behavior, the first one is the power to influence destination choice decision making and the second one is the after decision making behavior of the tourist on the destination, experience, evaluation and satisfaction which lead to revisit and recommendation of the tourism destination. Good impression of the destination image brings about loyal tourist, recommendation and revisiting of the destination and it will positively develop the tourism sector. Thus, the positive experience the tourist have on the product, services, food, hotel, hospitality of the people and other will facilitate the revisit or recommendation of the destination. Word of mouth information help tremendously in developing the image of a destination because it could produce another tourist visit to that destination or revisit. In order words, word of mouth and recommendation by the first timer visit to a place is the most reliable source of information of a destination. However, there is no research that have look into image destination with perceive expectation, this research is going to address how destination image influence perceived expectation of Nigerian tourist and also test if destination image have influence on the increase of Nigeria tourists over the years. 1.2 Purpose of the study The aim of this proposed study is to identify the significant image formation and it impact on Nigerian tourists satisfaction. Find out the relationship between destination image Nigerian tourist perceived expectation, perceive quality, tourists satisfaction and tourist loyalty. Using structural equation model (SEM) by empirically viewing Nigeria education tourist in Malaysia (Students) in particular as the major respondent. 1.3 Problem statement of the study The existing literatures shows that tourism researchers have traditionally focused on issues that relate to the demand sides of the tourist motivations and few behavioral patterns mainly to discover the reasons that made tourists visit a particular destination (Chen and Tsai, 2007; Alcaniz et al., 2005). Looking at the imaginary image of tourists it calls for the need to empirically establish the actual travel experience of Nigerian tourists in Malaysia. This is sequel to various industry reports in Malaysia that have been consistently negatively painting Nigerian tourists on issues like scams, black money, kidnapping, money laundering etc (Romance scam, 2010; NOTE; (Ernest, 2009). Interestingly, despite these negative public images of Nigerian tourists in Malaysia, the country has continuously witnessed a sharp increase in Nigerian tourists to Malaysia (Sirat et al., 2010; Sirat, 2005). Image as a dynamic concept has been argued as an effective means of comparing and analyzing historical and contemporary issues in travel literature, particularly how changes in tourist visitations have positively or negatively impacted tourism development of a society (Turel and Serenko, 2006). Arguably, tourist researchers has discovered and emphasized that the unique image of any destination has been developed in recent times through the creative use of imagery (Andriotis et al., 2008; Meng et al., 2008; Bowen and Clarke, 2002). This is because tourism suppliers have been strategically using such imagery in differentiating their products and invoking existential desires in the minds of their current and potential visitors (Sirgy et al., 2010; Gil and Ritchie, 2008). (Hudman and Johnson1994) second edition geography of travel and tourism. Hence, the uniqueness and diversity of the tourism products in the modern economy practically demand that destinations should cater for a wider ar ray of tourist interests, by constantly repackaging their products and re-imaging their destination along tourist demand and behaviors (Chen and Tsai, 2007). Grounded in these areas of research is (Fornell et al1996). That have empirically tested and established perceived expectation, perceived quality and perceived value as the antecedents of customer satisfaction and customer complaints and customer loyalty as the consequences of customer satisfaction across industry. Similarly, Gil and Ritchie (2008), Chen and Tsai (2007) and Alcaniz et al (2005) have all separately emphasized that the ability of travel providers to efficiently match tourist perceptions with their own perceptions would lead to a more effective and productive consumer centric marketing and further confirms the relevance of image in providing the required authentic visitor experiences. Base on the practical and theoretical gaps mentioned above, this study aims to examine Nigerian tourists experiences, by relating the concepts of image with the authenticity of their visits. This study proposes to breach the theoretical gap as emphasized by Chen and Tsai (2007) that difference between imagery and experience could positively or negatively impact travelers satisfaction. 1.4 Research objectives This study will research on destination image and perceived expectation that lead to perceive quality, tourists satisfaction which resulted to customer loyalty. The research objective will be listed below; To study the destination image, and tourist satisfaction To study the tourist perceive expectation of the destination image which lead to tourist loyalty To look into the relationship between destination images, perceived expectation, perceive quality and satisfaction that help in gaining the tourist loyalty. To recommend and give suggestion on how to keep the success and improve the destination image for the tourist to keep being loyal to the destination. 1.5 Research questions This research is going to ask these questions What could be the perception of Nigerian tourist on Malaysia as a destination, satisfaction and loyalty of Nigerian tourist? What is the perceived expectation of Nigerian tourist on the destination image? What are the relationship between destination image, perceived expectation, perceive quality, satisfaction and customer loyalty? What are the suggestions needed to continually improve the tourist satisfaction on destination? 1.6 Scope and limitation of the research The focus of this research is limited to the tourism industry, where selected literatures, handbooks, travel books, geography of travel and tourism book, Asians statistic year book, and (WTO) world tourism organization report. Malaysia ministry of tourism staffs will be contacted to get report on Nigerian tourist in Malaysia, Nigerian students and staff of Nigerian immigration embassy will be investigated with a set of sampling technique to explore the reason why Nigerian number keeps increasing in Malaysia. The research was to study the pre-visit, during visiting, and post-visit perception and satisfaction of the Nigerian tourist on the destination site. According to Malaysia tourism ministry over 10,000 Nigerians are now in Malaysia, which means that the number of Nigerians tourist is increasing every year despite the bad name given to them, that means that with the level of hostility towards Nigerians tourists in Malaysia they are still satisfied or not. Therefore, the research will focus on how Malaysia tourism industry was able to satisfied and meet up with the expectation of Nigerians tourist that make them chose Malaysia as their destination why not other Asia country e.g., India. Sample respondent will be chosen among the student to answer the questionnaire. 1.7 Research procedure The research procedure is the process the research study will take to solve the research question and arrived at expected result. More so, some literature of the research will be collected and review with major emphasis on image formation, tourists satisfaction, perceive expectation and tourists loyalty. Questionnaire will be design base on the construct from the theory and according to the previous study.

Pan paniscus bonobo :: essays papers

Pan paniscus bonobo Pan. Paniscus (bonobo/pygmy), chimpanzees, are similar to Pan. Troglodytes (common chimpanzees), in many ways. Because of this, I am only detailing some of the differences. Currently the bonobo population numbers less than 20,000 individuals, the bonobo is listed as an endangered species by the United States fish and wildlife Service. â€Å"The bonobo is threatened by forest destruction for forest products and agriculture, they are hunted for food and sale for pet trade† (AZA, 1998, p.2). Bonobo populations have been greatly reduced by deforestation and human encroachment. â€Å"The bonobo is in high demand for bio-medical research, since hunting bans are not always enforced, they are heavily poached† (Bonobo, 2000, p.1). â€Å"One of the major threats to this species is that its range lies entirely within the country of the Democratic Republic of Congo† (AZA, 1998, p.2). Geographic Range: Historically the bonobo is considered a rare species relative to other apes because of its small range and habitat limitations†(AZA, 1998, p.2). The populations are discontinuous and widely scattered. Bonobos live near the Zaire River in the lowland rainforests and swamp forests. Morphological: â€Å"Bonobos can be distinguished from chimpanzees by their more slender frame, longer hind limbs, shorter clavicle, and smaller molars. â€Å"It has been established through molecular genetic analyses that the chimpanzee genus, P. paniscus, is most closely related to humans and shares approximately 98% genetic identity† (AZA, 1998, p.1). Bonobos are generally smaller than chimpanzee genus, P. Troglodytes and are less dimorphic, males are only 30% heavier’ (Hodgson, 1998,p.1). â€Å"There is sexual dimorphism in the canines where the males’ are longer than the canines of the females†(Flannery, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Molecular biologists estimate that the bonobo diverged from its relative, the common chimpanzee, only about 1.5 million years ago†(Kano, 1990, p.1). â€Å"The body structure of the bonobo is an adaptation for climbing and living an arboreal lifestyle in the rainforest† (AZA, 1998, p.1). â€Å"This little known ape is not really a chimpanzee, gorilla, or an orangutan. It is a very unique creature, whose anatomy resembles that of â€Å"Lucy† the most famous find of pre-human skeleton† (Bonobo, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Because of the similar morphological traits, some anthropologists consider the bonobo to be the best living prototype for the common ancestor of humans and African apes† (AZA, 1998, p.1). Thus, it would follow that the bonobos have many human-like morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. Natural History: â€Å"Major foods of the bonobos include fruits, shoots, leaves, seeds, flowers, and bark.

Madness of Lear & Edgar

Madness is considered to be the root of all endings. In addition, the overall mental and physical state of madness is seen as shameful to many people, as well as disrespectful to oneself and others. With that being said, the motif of madness one thing that no man wants to experience. But in Shakespeare’s King Lear, madness appears in various forms and functions as the central theme, and leads many of the characters, including Lear himself, to their demise. In the beginning of the play, Lear is characterized as a very prideful individual, who is obsessed with power and self-love.But as the plot of the play progresses, numerous situations arise and Lear endures a rollercoaster of emotions, which ultimately shape him into a different person. Lear’s overall changes throughout the play all have something in common: a decrease in power and an increase in grief and sympathy. Each obstacle that Lear goes through pushes his pride more and more towards self-pity and sadness, whic h are emotions that a King of his stature is not used to having to deal with.Through his perspective at this point, he fears that he is going mad, and Lear is so obsessed with control that the thought of losing it all makes him believe that he is losing his sanity as well. However, after he constantly gets pushed to experience self-evaluation with each situation. Lear undergoes a rebirth, even though it is too late for the King at this stage of the play. Another character in King Lear, Edgar, also endures the play’s central theme of madness, but in a different way.Edgar feigns his insanity to stay alive, by disguising himself as the beggar â€Å"Poor Tom†, in order for his father, Gloucester, to accept him after Edmund, Gloucester’s illegitimate son, tricks their father into thinking that Edgar is a madman and wants to murder his father. Edgar fames madness throughout the play and disguises himself as the madman that Edmund has betrayed him to be, since at the t ime the insane were virtually invisible to society. Ironically, Edgar’s time as a supposedly insane beggar prepares him to defeat Edmund at the close of the play.Shakespeare uses both of these characters to mirror and contrast one another’s states to madness and to illustrate the play’s deeper meanings. While Edgar pretends to be mad, Lear is actually mad. Edgar stimulates insanity and foreshadows Lear’s madness, as it grows stronger throughout the play. The two end up joining, and it ultimately provides Lear with important wisdom by reducing him to his bare humanity, stripped of all royal pretentions. However, the real madness ofLear and the assumed madness of Edgar both play against one another to make out of the chaos a harmony in the kingdom through self-revelation, wisdom, and humility. Eventually, the madness comes to an end. Edgar unveils his disguise of madness and overthrows Edmund, while Lear’s madness leads to his demise. Overall, Shakes peare delves into the issues of age, power, lust, betrayal, and most of all, pure madness. The play shines a light on various faults in humanity, including self-indulgence and the desires to only think about oneself. In the end, greed and egotism can really only result in madness.

Why Learning Fractions Is so Important

Why Learning Fractions Is so Important It seems that many teachers will agree that teaching fractions can be complex and confusing, but that understanding fractions is a necessary skill for students to have as they get older. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution addresses how math is being taught in a recent article titled, Are we forcing too many students to take high-level math theyll never use? The author, Maureen Downey, notes that as a nation, we keep raising the bar for our students math performance, and observes that despite these high-level courses, many students are struggling with the complex teachings. Some teachers argue that schools may be advancing students too quickly, and they arent truly mastering basic skills like fractions. While some higher-level math courses are only crucial for certain industries, basic mathematical skills like understanding fractions, are crucial for everyone to master. From cooking and carpentry to sports and sewing, we cant escape fractions in our daily lives. Fractions Can Be Hard to Learn This isnt a new topic of discussion. In fact, in 2013, an article in the Wall Street Journal talked about what parents and teachers already know when it comes to math- fractions are hard for many students to learn. In fact, the article cites statistics that half of eighth graders can’t put three fractions in order of size. As many students struggle to learn fractions, which usually are taught in third or fourth grade, the government is actually funding research into how to help kids learn fractions. Instead of using rote methods to teach fractions or relying on old techniques such as pie charts, the newer methods of teaching fractions use techniques to help kids really understand what fractions mean through number lines or models. For example, the educational company, Brain Pop, offers animated lessons and homework help to aid kids in understanding concepts in math and in other subjects. Their Battleship Numberline allows kids to bomb a battleship using fractions between 0 and 1, and after students play this game, their teachers have found that the students intuitive knowledge of fractions increases. Other techniques to teach fractions include cutting paper into thirds or sevenths to see which fraction is bigger and what denominators mean. Other approaches include using new terms for words such as â€Å"denominator† such as â€Å"the name of the fraction,† so students understand why they can’t add or subtract fractions with different denominators. Using number lines helps kids compare different fractions- something that is hard for them to do with traditional pie charts, in which a pie divided into pieces. For example, a pie divided into sixths can look a lot like a pie divided into sevenths. In addition, the newer approaches emphasize understanding how to compare fractions before students go on to learn procedures such as adding, subtracting, dividing, and multiplying fractions. In fact, according to the Wall Street Journal article, placing fractions on a number line in the correct order in third grade is a more important predictor of fourth-grade math performance than calculation skills or even the ability to pay attention. In addition, studies show that a student’s ability to understand fractions in fifth grade is also a predictor of long-term math achievement in high school, even after controlling for IQ, reading ability, and other variables. In fact, some experts regard the understanding of fractions as the door to later math learning, and as the foundation of more advanced math and science classes such as algebra, geometry, statistics, chemistry, and physics. The Importance of Understanding Fractions in Early Grades Math concepts such as fractions that students do not master in the early grades can go on to confuse them later on and to cause them a great deal of math anxiety. The new research shows that students need to intuitively understand concepts rather than just to memorize language or symbols, as such rote memorization does not lead to long-term understanding. Many math teachers do not realize that the language of math can be confusing to students and that students must understand the concepts behind the language. Students who attend public schools now must learn to divide and multiply fractions by fifth grade, according to federal guidelines known as the Common Core Standards that are followed in most states. Studies have shown that public schools outperform private schools in math, partly because public school math teachers are more likely to know and follow the latest research related to teaching math. Even though most private school students do not need to demonstrate mastery of Common Core Standards, private school math teachers can also use new techniques to teach students fractions, thereby opening the door to later math learning.

Santeria Essays

Santeria Essays Santeria Paper Santeria Paper Essay Topic: African Religions and Philosophy Santeria The Yoruba people, who were brought over from Nigeria as slaves, came to the Caribbean in the 1500’s with their own religion, which was seen as unfit by the white slave owners. Most plantation owners in the Caribbean were members of the Roman Catholic Church, so they forced their slaves to disregard their native religions and become Catholic. Soon, the slaves realized that they could still practice their West African religion as long as it was disguised as Catholicism, and Santeria was born. Now it’s practiced in the United States, Cuba, the Caribbean, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Argentina, Colombia, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Great Britain, Canada, Venezuela, and Panama. Based on Santeria, people are born under a guardian Orisha, or saint, that must be worshipped throughout life. Each Orisha is an aspect of one supreme god. The seven main Orishas are known as the Seven African Powers. Eleggua is the gatekeeper between life and the afterlife in heaven and is the connection between the Orishas, humans, and god. He is very powerful because without him, there would be no communication between humanity and the saints. The Catholic Saint that is associated with Eleggua is Saint Anthony, and the colors associated with him are red and black. Obatala is acknowledged as the parent of the Orishas and all of humanity, the creator of the world, and the enforcer of justice. He is linked with qualities of intelligence, harmony, compassion, and purity, so his color is white. In Catholicism, he represents the saint Our Lady of Mercy. According to legend, Obatala would consume so much palm wine while forming the bodies of babies who were going to be born, that many of them were born deformed. He was told by his spiritual guide, Olofi, that he wasn’t allowed to drink palm wine while performing his most important job. Now, any child who his born with a defect is considered to be a child of Obatala, so taunting them isn’t allowed. Yemaya is the spirit of maternity, mother of all wealth, rules over witches, and is comparable in Catholicism to the Virgin Regla. Her real name is Yey Omo Eja, or Mother of Fish, which comes from the idea that life begins in the sea, and that developing babies are like fish. Similar to the oceans and the rivers, she has mysterious depths, but at the same time she exhibits nurturing maternal qualities. Her colors are blue and white, and she is sometimes referred to the spirit of mercy because of her loyalty to her children. Oya is the gatekeeper of the cemetery and the master of the cemetery and the dead. A powerful warrior, she personifies the forces of the Nigerian River, thunder, and lightning. In animal form, she becomes a water buffalo. A shape shifter herself, she gives her children the capability to change themselves. Her colors are maroon and white, and she often rides to battle alongside her fellow Orisha, Chango. Chango is one of the most notorious Orishas and is symbolized as fire, thunder, and lightning. His is characterized as having passion, chauvinism, charm, great power, beauty, wisdom, and valor. With his sword and machete, he can construct or demolish anything he wishes. St. Barbara is the Catholic saint who is synonymous with Chango. His colors are white and red, and he is often worshipped on his days of the week, which are Friday and Saturday. Oggun represents effort and hard work. He works with no rest as an iron worker for his siblings Eleggua and Chango. This older Orisha is known for his violent rage and his threat as a potential danger. Some of the many tools he is associated with are the knife, the machete, the anvil, the pick, the chisel, the hammer, the rake, the spade, and horseshoes, all of which are kept in a black cauldron. Instead of animal sacrifice, most of his followers offer cigars, rum, toy cars and airplanes, and weapons. The final one of the main Orishas is Ochun who is similar to Venus in Greek mythology. She is the Orisha associated with romance, flirtation, seduction, love and marriage, money and fertility. Ochun is the goddess of sweet water, so many of her ceremonies are held near waterfalls or on river beds. Ochun enjoys dancing, but she also has a serious side. She is a great diviner and usually her children are exceptionally gifted with psychic talents, especially when using the sacred seashells, which are the mouths of the Orishas. When the slaves first arrived in Cuba, copper was the form of money they came in contact with, so Ochun is associated with Our Lady of the Caridad del Cobre. People who follow Santeria are known as Aborishas, and they organize themselves under the Casa de Santo. There are priests and priestesses who are referred to as babalawos, and this position is open to both men and women. However, the high priest position is only reserved for males. High priests concentrate on divination to predict the future or understand omens in a person’s life. New initiatives to the religion are put under the care of a godfather or godmother who will teach them the secrets of Santeria. Candidates receive beads that are sacred to their Orisha, and many times, they must follow strict dress codes, shave their heads, practice celibacy, or eat particular foods. Then they must be cleansed in order to be ready to receive the divine energy. This belief system is not a good versus evil philosophy, like God and the Devil. Everything is seen to have positive and negative aspects, and no action is always wrong or right. Actions can only be judged based on the circumstances under which they were committed. A lot of focus is put on striving to do good works. However, if a person commits a good act out of fear of punishment or possibility of a reward, it doesn’t count as good character. People should do the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do. There are many misconceptions involving Santeria. One movie shows a couple that practices the religion, and they sacrifice humans and eat aborted fetuses. Actually, the only living creatures that are sacrificed are animals, commonly the blood of roosters, turtles, goats, and chickens. The animals are killed in the most humane ways possible, and usually the only part that is sacrificed is the blood. Any remains are cooked and eaten by the followers. Practitioners of Santeria also do not perform black magic, which is actually forbidden. However, there is no moral code, like in Christianity, so certain spells are used by criminals for protection and good fortune. For example, Ochosi, the spirit of hunting and owner of traps, is often honored by criminals when they want to escape arrest and ward off the police. There are still ambiguities when it comes to Santeria because most of the existing knowledge comes from oral tradition. Recently some books on the subject have been published, but there are still secrets left untold to those who don’t follow the religion. Some celebrities who follow Santeria include Desi Arnaz, Jennifer Lopez, and the White Sox manager, Ozzie Guillen.

The Harlem Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example The Harlem Renaissance took place in the 1920's mostly in the Harlem district of New York city, an area of three square miles where the African-Americans converged after the World War I. The Africa-Americans from the South were attracted towards the better economic opportunities and the more tolerant attitudes in the North, and especially in New York, and settled down in Harlem to form some of the most concentrated of African-American communities in existence today. Those African-Americans already settled in New York soon gravitated to this area, attracted by the buzz of new music, new art, and new possibilities. Douglas defines exactly what the writers, poets, musicians as well as visual and performing artists of the period were able to create, because all the angst, anguish and lyricism of the African-Americans poured out in their artistic and intellectual expressions. They told the story of African-Americans from the African-American perspective. The common themes of literary, musical and artistic works of the period were alienation, segregation, the common usage and appreciation of folk material, the reinforcement of the blues tradition, and a general air of optimism. and in it he described Harlem Renaissance as a "spiritual coming of age", wherein the African-American population was able to co... Magazines like Crisis, published by W. E. B. Du Bois and urged racial pride among African Americans, and Opportunity, published by the National Urban League encouraged the blossoming of sophisticated and highly original African-American literature, and also a certain degree of pride in being an African-American. A lot of this was possible also because of the popularity of things African-American amongst a big section of the whites, who were fascinated by the influx of African-American talent. One of the most important and well-researched aspects of the Harlem Renaissance is the literature born in the period amongst the African-Americans of Harlem. Writers like Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Zora Neale Hurston, Rudolph Fisher, and Jean Toomer produced a body of work that was both intensive as well as extensive in scope. Writers like Langspon Hughes made an immediate and lasting impact. Hughes left behind him a huge body of work, that included twelve volumes of poetry, as well as various works of fiction, drama and history. His work was full of a love of humanity, especially for African-Americans, a warm humor and understanding, and included a strong voice against the segregation of colored people all packaged in a sophisticated style of writing. Some of his works that made him famous are The Big Sea , The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, The Panther and the Lash, The Ways of White Folks. Other voices like Claude McKay, whom Hughes admired, were equally passionate in the subjects of romantic love, and a love of the Africa-American people in general, which is evident in some of his

Policemen of the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Policemen of the World - Essay Example The following discussion shows how the U.S has been the Policemen of the World in the past. The U.S created a foreign policy after the Civil War. This policy dictates its relations with other foreign nations. America’s defense and security lies in foreign policy by furthering certain goals. The national policy puts the nation’s interest first (War and International Law, n.d., para. 2). The U.S invasion of Iraq after the 9/11 attacks on America is an example of the foreign policy in play. President Bush believed that by invading Iraq, the U.S would cripple Al-Qaeda and would lead to the capture of Osama Bin Laden. This move was criticised by many, citing America’s invasion as a neo-colonialism effort of the West in the East. However, back at home, the U.S key intention was to curb the imminent threat of terrorism on U.S soil posed by Al-Qaeda. Although this action took time, it culminated by the killing of Bin Laden, weakening the Al-Qaeda movement. Another example is the sanctions imposed on Russia and President Putin over Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The U.S believes that the invasion violates the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine. The beliefs are in line with the foreign policy that identifies all nations as equals. A secure Ukraine and its good relations with its neighbours are in the best of interests of the U.S (Ukraine and Russia Sanctions, n.d., para. 5). The United States has risen to the position of world’s Super Policeman due to three aspects. Firstly, the strength of the U.S military and the economic stability of the nation have favoured this position. The U.S has the strength in terms of the war power and money necessary to fight wars and emerge victoriously in the end. The resources devoted to the U.S military goes to the strengthening its involvement in international incidents. The economic stability ensures that in any war fought; the U.S will emerge financially

Creation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creation - Research Paper Example Conversely, the Buddhist worldview places little emphasis on the creation story and/or the understanding of such a concept as God; choosing instead to focus upon the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means of personal enlightenment. However, it was ultimately stated by the Buddha that the world came into existence over the course of millions and millions of years in which life quite literally evolved within it. Rather than being spoken into existence within the space of a moment in time, the creation story of Buddhism is a seamless and continual loop of life death and rebirth that culminates in the world as we see it today (Schell 2). In such a way, there is not a definitive beginning or end to the earth and the life that it has. Conversely, the Christian approach has a definitive beginning and end. For this reason, the necessity of the faith to have a final rescuer, a redeemer, and a second coming is understood. Benstead, George. "Christian Creation Story." Innovations Learning - Welcome to Innovations Learning. N.p., 11  Apr.  2011. Web. 24  Feb.  2013.

Does the Cosby Show challenge conventional stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Does the Cosby Show challenge conventional stereotypes Essay From 1984 to 1992, The Cosby Show (starring comedian/actor/author Bill Cosby) aired on NBC television network. In the storyline , a black doctor and his family (his wife and five children) lived their everyday entertaining lives. Audiences worldwide watched daily to laugh and admire the African American family ; at the same time they began to ponder about the well-off family and what this said about the conventional black family to the world. Two models are most commonly usedâ€Å"the weak family model† and the â€Å"strong family model†, says Wynona Bryant -Williams Ph. D Director â€Å"with nothing in between. † However it was the weak family model that dominated the social sciences literature until the mid 1980s. (Williams) The Cosby’s set a high standard of the stability and lifestyle of the Black American family. A bold message to send, this also challenged the realism of American culture and how it depicted African Americans and their households. Small-time author Tiffany Frizzel had this to say: â€Å"To be perfectly honest, this show does not show typical life for the vast majority of this nations population. There are not many white children in this nation that have a doctor and a lawyer as parents so that criticism lacks substance and social research. Cosby always kept the show somewhat light-hearted and sometimes shied away from some key issues of the time period, but keep in mind that his name was on the program and everything was written as if the characters were sometimes walking on eggshells. † Apparently it was hard to accept that a black family did not have to struggle or stress. Why? Even though the family still had their household disputes and their lessons to learn , the idea that this particular family of color was doing so well was hard to take and swallow. For many observers, The Cosby Show was unique in other ways as well. For example, unlike many situation comedies, the program avoided one-liners, buffoonery and other standard tactics designed to win laughs. Instead, series writers remained true to Cosbys vision of finding humor in realistic family situations, in the minutiae of human behavior. Thus episodes generally shunned typical sitcom formulas by featuring, instead, a rather loose story structure and unpredictable pacing. Moreover, the soundtrack was sweetened with jazz, and the Huxtable home prominently featured contemporary African American art. Several observers described the result as classy. This project, of course, was not without its critics. Some observers described the show as a 1980s version of Father Knows Best, the Huxtables as a white family in blackface. The Huxtables affluence, they argued, worked to obscure persistent inequalities in Americaespecially those faced by blacks and other minority groupsand validate the myth of the American Dream. One audience study suggests that the show strikes a deal with white viewers, that it absolves them of responsibility for racial inequality in the United States in exchange for inviting the Huxtables into their living room. Meanwhile, the same study found that black viewers tend to embrace the show for its positive portrayals of blackness, but express misgivings about the Huxtables failure to regularly interact with less affluent blacks. For the black family sitting at home watching the show however; it was a revelation long anticipated. This motivated and challenged families to grow closer together. Single, married, and divorced individuals all could view their expectations for their family and their futures based on the uplifting obvious message being sent. For the African American culture , this was an epidemic that needed to expand in the mindsets of everyone else in the world. As far as â€Å"Black Americaâ€Å" was concerned; this was an illustrious thing. So what exactly is the difference between â€Å"Anticipated Black America† and â€Å"Conventional Black America†? E. Franklin Frazier’s â€Å"The Negro Family in the United† States supplied a model for the study of Blacks which emphasized family disorganization and dysfunction ,2 describing the black familys present condition of matriarchy, ineffective black males being marginal to the family, casual sex relations, and general dissolution of the black family to be caused by urbanization and the heritage of slavery. Fraziers work was used for the basis of Moynihans conclusions that identified Black matriarchal mothers as responsible for the breakdown and pathology of Black families (who, he claimed, were responsible for high rates of illegitimacy, delinquency, and unemployment)3. On national renown search engine â€Å"Yahoo. com†, when the words â€Å"negro† and â€Å"black† are entered into the search bar ; words such as unemployment, equality, broken homes, proportion, and black community are given as â€Å"helpful hints† to further specify your search criteria. This is not to say that yahoo alone is portraying this image. But it does conclude a point that this issue should very well be recognized. The mental attitude of the black family’s standards in present America are poor indeed when left up to some critics. Nonetheless, Black America is continuously upgrading and rebelling in all fields of education and occupation. Our greatest and highest recognized entertainers, scholars, preachers, political figures, and moguls are filled with African American people. Many inventions are in existence today because of African Americans. A Black figure is currently running for president of the country! The Cosby Show does not challenge Black America as much as it motivates and really disciplines the mentalities and ethics behind us. The show’s head writer ,John Marcus, had this to say regarding the co-writer and star of the show Bill Cosby: I think Bill knows that he has a power, and that he thinks of it very judiciously. He is conscientious and sensitive to the minds of people who watch the show. And he is very respectful of their intelligence, said Markus. He sees that a more powerful tool in education is to entertain and engage the audience in a delicate manner rather than to hammer home a message. We want to educate black America, but we never want to Sermonize. (1990) It was never the intention of the show nor the writers behind it to preach about high time living to the black families of America. Yet, it was extremely obvious that there was luxury behind the hard work, and it’d all came from the benefit of great education. In the series, Huxtable is a doctor married to an awfully attractive, independent minded, and intelligent woman who has become quite a successful and well established lawyer. His five children all attend school and his children eventually all attend college following after their parents, but with different career motives that they each discover throughout their development from children to young adults. The Cosby Show ’s family is fiction but based on a lifestyle that is meant to be lived and enjoyed by the Black families of America. With the right motivation and the desire to become educated and to fulfill their selves , anyone of any race could very well live a full life without much struggle. The Cosbys did not live without flaws and disappointments. But they dealt with it as a strong and confident family with the continuous support and love of each and every one of their family members. This is a message that needs to be spreaded more and more everyday. The Black family can better themselves if they can get together and make a change to better their mentalities and their environment as well. Following the Cosby’s example; the Black family can succeed. â€Å"If every parent in their community taught their children how to act and teach them the life lessons that they need to succeed. Wouldnt that as a whole help the black community, one family at a time? † This was the question asked in an online discussion about upraising of children in the black community. It begins at home. If we do not or refuse to maintain order at home, there will be none outside of our households. The Cosby Show displays for us that restrictions and rules set inside the house also better govern our black children as they are outside of the household or away from home. By laying down the law in the house, the children were not as in as much trouble as friends and classmates. This distinguished them from the other children in other families on the show as well. With rules came responsibility. According to Senior Magazine Online, as humans responsibility is given to us automatically â€Å"because we are a part of society. † It is also stated that â€Å" It is in this area that we seem to be losing our children. † The main focus within the Cosby family was, without any doubt, family. The family came first. Before work, before friends, and before the personal wants of any individual; the entire family came together and worked together to make their home the joyous place it was. It was stressed as an importance that everyone was responsible in remembering birthdays, talking to their parents about their issues, and continuously seeing that a personal (perhaps assigned) chore was completed everyday. In conclusion, the Cosby Show is due many thanks and many praises. It stands, even today, as a landmark of hope and inspiration for the Black family. Although there are many public voices that are motivating us to push forward and challenge ourselves to complete education and a fulfilling life; the Cosby Show had a powerful message that is not easily forgotten and forever appreciated. The family is the most important part of our foundation. When we look back at what helped us to grow, we should find our family. References 2008 Discussion on saving the Black Community. http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20070209125845AAYhqrg. 4 May E. Franklin Frazier (American Sociologist). The Negro Family in the United States. 1939 Interview with Head-writer of The Cosby Show, John Marcus. http://www. medialit. org/reading_room/article344. html (1990) Jhally, Sut, and Justin Lewis. Enlightened Racism: The Cosby Show, Audiences, and the Myth of the American Dream. Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1992. Senior Magazine Online. http://www. seniormag. com/caregiverresources/articles/caregiv Tiffany Frizzel quoted , The Internet Movie Database, http://us. imdb. com April Wynona Bryant- Williams Ph. D Director , ,http://www. blackperspective. com/pages/mag_articles/sum01_blackfamily. html erarticles/parenting/taking-reponsibility. htm

Nuclear Energy Essay -- Renewable Energy

Nuclear Energy Energy consumption has become a necessity and an important part of our daily life in the past 10 years. It seems that the world is looking for an energy source that is cleaner, cheaper and more efficient and since nuclear energy has emerged it has become the forerunner for alternative energy sources. ‘As of 2004, nuclear power provided 6.5% of the world's energy and 15.7% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for 57% of nuclear generated electricity’ (‘Nuclear energy facts’ 2007). Nuclear energy can be a doubled edged sword as it can be used for peaceful uses or used to manufacture weapons of mass destruction which can put the world in danger. As more countries begin to use nuclear energy, especially in the Middle East, fears of the countries in the west increases as they cannot be sure if their intentions are for peaceful uses or military uses. Many people argue that the main problem with nuclear power plants is the radioactive waste it leaves behind which have no use. ‘A typical nuclear power plant in a year generates 20 metric tons of used nuclear fuel. The nuclear industry generates a total of about 2,300 metric tons of used fuel per year’ (‘Nuclear Waste: Amounts and On-Site Storage’). There are mainly two types of radioactive wastes, low-level waste and high level waste. Low level wastes are ordinary items that come in contact with some radiation and are generated anywhere radioisotopes are used or produced such as a hospital. High level waste is the actual spent fuel, or the residual waste from reprocessing spent fuel. It takes ten of thousands of year for this for this waste to decay and be harmless to the environment, so it needs professional han... ...in the wrong hands it may lead to wars and disasters. If it is used properly, it can be an efficient source of energy in the future, treat and diagnose diseases and most important of all prevent wars. Works Cited http://www.our-energy.com/energy_facts/nuclear_energy_facts.html http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/nuclear_statistics/nuclearwasteamou ntsandonsitestorage/ http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Nuclear_energy http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/22745 http://www.ehow.com/about_5100776_disadvantages-nuclear-energy.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoning http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htm http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf55.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_%28microbiology%29